Socio-Demographic Risk Factors Associated with Severe Acute Malnutrition In Children

Abstract

Background: Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) remains a significant public health concern in India, particularly in Maharashtra, where malnutrition contributes to high child mortality rates. SAM is associated with delayed growth, impaired cognitive development, and increased susceptibility to infections. Despite government initiatives, its prevalence continues to rise, necessitating a deeper understanding of its socio-demographic and environmental determinants. Objective: This study aims to investigate socio-demographic, maternal, environmental, and nutritional risk factors associated with SAM among children aged 6–59 months in Maharashtra and to inform targeted interventions to reduce malnutrition prevalence. Methodology: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 100 children diagnosed with SAM, using WHO diagnostic criteria. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and medical record reviews. Variables analyzed included socio-demographic characteristics, maternal and child healthcare factors, environmental conditions, and nutritional practices. Results: The highest prevalence of SAM was observed in children aged 13–24 months (40%), coinciding with weaning and dietary transitions, followed by 6–12 months (30%). Male children (55%) were more affected than females (45%). A significant association was noted with higher birth order, as children with birth order greater than two comprised 50% of cases. Low birth weight (<2.5 kg) was present in 60% of SAM cases, emphasizing the importance of maternal and neonatal health. Poor maternal healthcare was a critical contributor, with 60% of mothers lacking antepartum care and 70% lacking postnatal care. Maternal education played a pivotal role; 55% of affected children had illiterate mothers. Socioeconomic disparities were evident, as 70% of SAM cases occurred in lower socioeconomic classes. Conclusion: This study highlights the multifaceted determinants of SAM in Maharashtra, underscoring the need for interventions targeting vulnerable age groups, maternal education, and healthcare accessibility.